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In order to study the reclamation of mine sites, the short-term effects of different amendments on soil fertility (at 1 and 6 months) and spontaneous vegetation (at 3 and 6 months) were examined in spoil banks of a lignite mine in Galicia (NW Spain). Experimental plots were established on three spoil banks deposited in 1984, 1988 and 2007, and treated with compost, limestone, NPK or no amendment (control trials). Fertilizer type, time after application and bank age, and their mutual interactions, were found to have significant, early effects on soil quality and fertility in terms of pH, CECe, the organic matter, total nitrogen, and exchange cations contents, as well as on vegetation establishment, composition, and species richness and diversity. The effects of each type of amendment, its ability to correct limitations to plant production and its influence on the successful establishment of spontaneous pioneer species are …