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If the ongoing phenomenon of global warming prevails, three main consequences are expected in tropical seas: a higher sea level, a reduction in coral reefs and more intense cyclones. What will shallow-marine carbonate systems be like? Insights can be gained from the Pyrenean Urbasa–Andia Formation, a transgressive heterozoan-like foralgal (larger foraminiferal and red algal) ramp that formed in Middle Eocene times, a greenhouse interval characterized by high atmospheric CO₂ content. Firstly, the evolution of future tropical shallow-marine systems subject to a sea-level rise is very likely to be similar to that seen in the backstepping architecture of the Urbasa–Andia Formation. Secondly, Eocene larger foraminifers rose when the Paleocene–Eocene hyperthermal event caused a decline in corals in tropical seas. Coral reefs are again among the ecosystems that are likely to be particularly affected by current …