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It is appropriate to start a review with a few allusions to the history of its development within an Operational Research context. Although the term cognitive mapping was supposedly first used by Tolman in 1948 for a psychology paper entitled" Cognitive Maps in Mice and Men" it was not until the last decade that the ideas had expanded into use by social and behavioural scientists. Even so the developments in the field of Operational Research occurred independently of these activities, and for markedly different reasons.