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Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play a crucial role in the response to the Russian HIV/AIDS epidemic. Against the background of civil society development in post-Soviet Russia, this paper explores the political opportunities and organisational forms of Russian HIV/AIDS NGOs. A study in three Russian regions shows that NGOs apply different strategies in their interaction with state institutions. HIV/AIDS NGOs, on the one hand, depend on the political context and the authorities' attitude towards different HIV/AIDS prevention programmes. On the other hand, they are able to advocate for changes in the national HIV/AIDS policy and to build bridges to particularly affected groups of society. On the whole, the paper argues that HIV/AIDS NGOs, although striving for social change, have only little access to political decision-making processes and are, thus, limited in their capacity to influence HIV/AIDS policy in …