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Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of livestock have a direct life cycle and infection takes place during pasture grazing. In temperate areas with cold winters, cattle deposit parasite eggs in the beginning of the pasture season in the spring, and larval pasture contamination typically builds up during the summer until early autumn. During winter and early spring, pastures are ungrazed and the pasture contamination a Kreavet, Hendrik Mertensstraat 17, Kruibeke 9150, Belgium; b Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Box 7036, Uppsala 75007, Sweden; c Biological Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; d Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium* Corresponding author.