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The aim of this study was to explore whether anti-Ostertagia ostertagi antibody levels measured by ELISA in individual milk samples hold promise as a decision parameter for either herd-level decisions or selective anthelmintic treatments by investigating (1) the relationship between individual and bulk-tank milk ELISA results; (2) the relationships of individual milk ELISA results with non-parasitic cow factors and (3) the relationship between individual milk ELISA results and the milk production response after anthelmintic treatment. Twelve farms were randomly allocated to a whole-herd treatment with eprinomectin or a placebo in October 2004 and individual milk samples and a bulk-tank milk sample were collected 1 month before and 1 month after treatment. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the associations of ELISA results with (a) breed, actual milk production, lactation stage, somatic cell count, age …